This is supported by observations indicating that cardiomyocytes could be replaced continually in the heart through a process involving cellular aging, senescence, and death as well as myocardial cell replication ( 3). On the other hand, recent lines of evidence suggest that the heart demonstrates a greater degree of regeneration than previously thought. This damage accounts for a large part of the deterioration of cardiac functions. Current therapies do not address adequately the loss of contractile tissues in the diseased heart. IntroductionĬardiac diseases, in particular heart failure, are major causes of mortality and morbidity ( 1, 2). These findings suggest that, besides its angiogenic actions, FGF-2 could be used in vivo to facilitate the mobilization and differentiation of resident cardiac precursors in the treatment of cardiac diseases. Interestingly, this factor does not control the number of precursors but regulates the differentiation process. Cardiogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo depends on FGF-2. Following infusion into normal recipients, these cells home to the heart and participate in physiological and pathophysiological cardiac remodeling. These cardiac precursors appear to express stem cell antigen–1 and demonstrate characteristics of multipotent precursors of mesodermal origin. In the present study, we isolated undifferentiated precursors from the cardiac nonmyocyte cell population of neonatal hearts, expanded them in culture, and induced them to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. doi: 10.1089/ evidence suggests that the heart possesses a greater regeneration capacity than previously thought. FGF-2-responsive and spinal cord-resident cells improve locomotor function after spinal cord injury. Kasai M., Jikoh T., Fukumitsu H., Furukawa S. Modulation of proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells by fibroblast growth factor 2: Potential implications for tissue engineering of tendons and ligaments. Hankemeier S., Keus M., Zeichen J., Jagodzinski M., Barkhausen T., Bosch U., Krettek C., Van Griensven M. Regeneration of articular cartilage defects in the temporomandibular joint of rabbits by fibroblast growth factor-2: A pilot study. Takafuji H., Suzuki T., Okubo Y., Fujimura K., Bessho K. Basic fibroblast growth factor suspended in Matrigel improves titanium implant fixation in ovariectomized rats. Gao Y., Zhu S., Luo E., Li J., Feng G., Hu J. Accelerated tissue regeneration through incorporation of basic fibroblast growth factor-impregnated gelatin microspheres into artificial dermis. Kawai K., Suzuki S., Tabata Y., Ikada Y., Nishimura Y. Although efforts have been made to stabilise FGF-2 for both in vitro and in vivo applications with varying degrees of success, the lack of comprehensive published stability data for the final FGF-2 products represents a substantial gap in the current knowledge, which has to be addressed before viable products for wider tissue engineering applications can be developed to meet regulatory authorisation.īasic fibroblast growth factor fibroblast growth factor 2 stabilisation. This review discusses the underlying causes of FGF-2 instability and provides an overview of the approaches reported in the literature for stabilising FGF-2 that may be relevant for clinical applications. The stabilisation approaches may be classified into the broad classes of ionic interaction modification with excipients, chemical modification, and physical adsorption and encapsulation with carrier materials. Most of these efforts were directed at sustaining FGF-2 activity for cell culture research, with a smaller number of studies seeking to develop sustained release formulations of FGF-2 for tissue engineering applications. Many approaches have been reported in the literature for preserving the biological activity of FGF-2 in aqueous solutions. These multiple functions make FGF-2 an attractive component for wound healing and tissue engineering constructs however, the stability of FGF-2 is widely accepted to be a major concern for the development of useful medicinal products. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 has been shown to regulate many cellular functions including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis in a variety of tissues, including skin, blood vessel, muscle, adipose, tendon/ligament, cartilage, bone, tooth, and nerve.
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